Chapter 29 The Dream

It comes down to this,† said Hermione, rubbing her forehead. â€Å"Either Mr. Crouch attacked Viktor, or somebody else attacked both of them when Viktor wasn't looking.† â€Å"It must've been Crouch,† said Ron at once. â€Å"That's why he was gone when Harry and Dumbledore got there. He'd done a runner.† â€Å"I don't think so,† said Harry, shaking his head. â€Å"He seemed really weak – I don't reckon he was up to Disapparating or anything.† â€Å"You can't Disapparate on the Hogwarts grounds, haven't I told you enough times?† said Hermione. â€Å"Okay†¦hows this for a theory,† said Ron excitedly. â€Å"Krum attacked Crouch – no, wait for it – and then Stunned himself!† â€Å"And Mr. Crouch evaporated, did he?† said Hermione coldly. â€Å"Oh yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was daybreak. Harry, Ron, and Hermione had crept out of their dormitories very early and hurried up to the Owlery together to send a note to Sirius. Now they were standing looking out at the misty grounds. All three of them were puffy-eyed and pale because they had been talking late into the night about Mr. Crouch. â€Å"Just go through it again, Harry,† said Hermione. â€Å"What did Mr. Crouch actually say?† â€Å"I've told you, he wasn't making much sense,† said Harry. â€Å"He said he wanted to warn Dumbledore about something. He definitely mentioned Bertha Jorkins, and he seemed to think she was dead. He kept saying stuff was his fault†¦.He mentioned his son.† â€Å"Well, that was his fault,† said Hermione testily. â€Å"He was out of his mind,† said Harry. â€Å"Half the time he seemed to think his wife and son were still alive, and he kept talking to Percy about work and giving him instructions.† â€Å"And†¦remind me what he said about You-Know-Who?† said Ron tentatively. â€Å"I've told you,† Harry repeated dully. â€Å"He said he's getting stronger.† There was a pause. Then Ron said in a falsely confident voice, â€Å"But he was out of his mind, like you said, so half of it was probably just raving†¦.† â€Å"He was sanest when he was trying to talk about Voldemort,† said Harry, and Ron winced at the sound of the name. â€Å"He was having real trouble stringing two words together, but that was when he seemed to know where he was, and know what he wanted to do. He just kept saying he had to see Dumbledore.† Harry turned away from the window and stared up into the rafters. The many perches were half-empty; every now and then, another owl would swoop in through one of the windows, returning from its night's hunting with a mouse in its beak. â€Å"If Snape hadn't held me up,† Harry said bitterly, â€Å"we might've got there in time. ‘The headmaster is busy. Potter†¦what's this rubbish, Potter?' Why couldn't he have just got out of the way?† â€Å"Maybe he didn't want you to get there!† said Ron quickly. â€Å"Maybe – hang on – how fast d'you reckon he could've gotten down to the forest? D'you reckon he could've beaten you and Dumbledore there?† â€Å"Not unless he can turn himself into a bat or something,† said Harry. â€Å"Wouldn't put it past him,† Ron muttered. â€Å"We need to see Professor Moody,† said Hermione. â€Å"We need to find out whether he found Mr. Crouch.† â€Å"If he had the Marauder's Map on him, it would've been easy,† said Harry. â€Å"Unless Crouch was already outside the grounds,† said Ron, â€Å"because it only shows up to the boundaries, doesn't -â€Å" â€Å"Shh!† said Hermione suddenly. Somebody was climbing the steps up to the Owlery. Harry could hear two voices arguing, coming closer and closer. â€Å"- that's blackmail, that is, we could get into a lot of trouble for that-â€Å" â€Å"- we've tried being polite; it's time to play dirty, like him. He wouldn't like the Ministry of Magic knowing what he did -â€Å" â€Å"I'm telling you, if you put that in writing, it's blackmail!† â€Å"Yeah, and you won't be complaining if we get a nice fat payoff, will you?† The Owlery door banged open. Fred and George came over the threshold, then froze at the sight of Harry, Ron, and Hermione. â€Å"What're you doing here?† Ron and Fred said at the same time. â€Å"Sending a letter,† said Harry and George in unison. â€Å"What, at this time?† said Hermione and Fred. Fred grinned. â€Å"Fine – we won't ask you what you're doing, if you don't ask us,† he said. He was holding a sealed envelope in his hands. Harry glanced at it, but Fred, whether accidentally or on purpose, shifted his hand so that the name on it was covered. â€Å"Well, don't let us hold you up,† Fred said, making a mock bow and pointing at the door. Ron didn't move. â€Å"Who're you blackmailing?† he said. The grin vanished from Fred's face. Harry saw George half glance at Fred, before smiling at Ron. â€Å"Don't be stupid, I was only joking,† he said easily. â€Å"Didn't sound like that,† said Ron. Fred and George looked at each other. Then Fred said abruptly, â€Å"I've told you before, Ron, keep your nose out if you like it the shape it is. Can't see why you would, but -â€Å" â€Å"It's my business if you're blackmailing someone,† said Ron. â€Å"George's right, you could end up in serious trouble for that.† â€Å"Told you, I was joking,† said George. He walked over to Fred, pulled the letter out of his hands, and began attaching it to the leg of the nearest barn owl. â€Å"You're starting to sound a bit like our dear older brother, you are, Ron. Carry on like this and you'll be made a prefect.† â€Å"No, I won't!† said Ron hotly. George carried the barn owl over to the window and it took off. George turned around and grinned at Ron. â€Å"Well, stop telling people what to do then. See you later.† He and Fred left the Owlery. Harry, Ron, and Hermione stared at one another. â€Å"You don't think they know something about all this, do you?† Hermione whispered. â€Å"About Crouch and everything?† â€Å"No,† said Harry. â€Å"If it was something that serious, they'd tell someone. They'd tell Dumbledore.† Ron, however, was looking uncomfortable. â€Å"What's the matter?† Hermione asked him. â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Ron slowly, â€Å"I dunno if they would. They're†¦they're obsessed with making money lately, I noticed it when I was hanging around with them – when – you know -â€Å" â€Å"We weren't talking.† Harry finished the sentence for him. â€Å"Yeah, but blackmail†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It's this joke shop idea they've got,† said Ron. â€Å"I thought they were only saying it to annoy Mum, but they really mean it, they want to start one. They've only got a year left at Hogwarts, they keep going on about how it's time to think about their future, and Dad can't help them, and they need gold to get started.† Hermione was looking uncomfortable now. â€Å"Yes, but†¦they wouldn't do anything against the law to get gold.† â€Å"Wouldn't they?† said Ron, looking skeptical. â€Å"I dunno†¦they don't exactly mind breaking rules, do they?† â€Å"Yes, but this is the law,† said Hermione, looking scared. â€Å"This isn't some silly school rule†¦.They'll get a lot more than detention for blackmail! Ron†¦maybe you'd better tell Percy†¦.† â€Å"Are you mad?† said Ron. â€Å"Tell Percy? He'd probably do a Crouch and turn them in.† He stared at the window through which Fred and George's owl had departed, then said, â€Å"Come on, let's get some breakfast.† â€Å"D'you think it's too early to go and see Professor Moody?† Hermione said as they went down the spiral staircase. â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. â€Å"He'd probably blast us through the door if we wake him at the crack of dawn; he'll think we're trying to attack him while he's asleep. Let's give it till break.† History of Magic had rarely gone so slowly. Harry kept checking Ron's watch, having finally discarded his own, but Ron's was moving so slowly he could have sworn it had stopped working too. All three of them were so tired they could happily have put their heads down on the desks and slept; even Hermione wasn't taking her usual notes, but was sitting with her head on her hand, gazing at Professor Binns with her eyes out of focus. When the bell finally rang, they hurried out into the corridors toward the Dark Arts classroom and found Professor Moody leaving it. He looked as tired as they felt. The eyelid of his normal eye was drooping, giving his face an even more lopsided appearance than usual. â€Å"Professor Moody?† Harry called as they made their way toward him through the crowd. â€Å"Hello, Potter,† growled Moody. His magical eye followed a couple of passing first years, who sped up, looking nervous; it rolled into the back of Moody's head and watched them around the corner before he spoke again. â€Å"Come in here.† He stood back to let them into his empty classroom, limped in after them, and closed the door. â€Å"Did you find him?† Harry asked without preamble. â€Å"Mr. Crouch?† â€Å"No,† said Moody. He moved over to his desk, sat down, stretched out his wooden leg with a slight groan, and pulled out his hip flask. â€Å"Did you use the map?† Harry said. â€Å"Of course,† said Moody, taking a swig from his flask. â€Å"Took a leaf out of your book, Potter. Summoned it from my office into the forest. He wasn't anywhere on there.† â€Å"So he did Disapparate?† said Ron. â€Å"You can't Disapparate on the grounds, Ron!† said Hermione. â€Å"There are other ways he could have disappeared, aren't there, Professor?† Moody's magical eye quivered as it rested on Hermione. â€Å"You're another one who might think about a career as an Auror,† he told her. â€Å"Mind works the right way. Granger.† Hermione flushed pink with pleasure. â€Å"Well, he wasn't invisible,† said Harry. â€Å"The map shows invisible people. He must've left the grounds, then.† â€Å"But under his own steam?† said Hermione eagerly, â€Å"or because someone made him?† â€Å"Yeah, someone could've – could've pulled him onto a broom and flown off with him, couldn't they?† said Ron quickly, looking hopefully at Moody as if he too wanted to be told he had the makings of an Auror. â€Å"We can't rule out kidnap,† growled Moody. â€Å"So,† said Ron, â€Å"d'you reckon he's somewhere in Hogsmeade?† â€Å"Could be anywhere,† said Moody, shaking his head. â€Å"Only thing we know for sure is that he's not here.† He yawned widely, so that his scars stretched, and his lopsided mouth revealed a number of missing teeth. Then he said, â€Å"Now, Dumbledore's told me you three fancy yourselves as investigators, but there's nothing you can do for Crouch. The Ministry'll be looking for him now, Dumbledore's notified them. Potter, you just keep your mind on the third task.† â€Å"What?† said Harry. â€Å"Oh yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hadn't given the maze a single thought since he'd left it with Krum the previous night. â€Å"Should be right up your street, this one,† said Moody, looking up at Harry and scratching his scarred and stubbly chin. â€Å"From what Dumbledore's said, you've managed to get through stuff like this plenty of times. Broke your way through a series of obstacles guarding the Sorcerers Stone in your first year, didn't you?† â€Å"We helped,† Ron said quickly. â€Å"Me and Hermione helped.† Moody grinned. â€Å"Well, help him practice for this one, and I'll be very surprised if he doesn't win,† said Moody. â€Å"In the meantime†¦constant vigilance, Potter. Constant vigilance.† He took another long draw from his hip flask, and his magical eye swiveled onto the window. The topmost sail of the Durmstrang ship was visible through it. â€Å"You two,† counseled Moody, his normal eye on Ron and Hermione, â€Å"you stick close to Potter, all right? I'm keeping an eye on things, but all the same†¦you can never have too many eyes out.† Sirius sent their owl back the very next morning. It fluttered down beside Harry at the same moment that a tawny owl landed in front of Hermione, clutching a copy of the Daily Prophet in its beak. She took the newspaper, scanned the first few pages, said, â€Å"Ha! She hasn't got wind of Crouch!† then joined Ron and Harry in reading what Sirius had to say on the mysterious events of the night before last. Harry – what do you think you are playing at, walking off into the forest with Viktor Krum? I want you to swear, by return owl, that you are not going to go walking with anyone else at night. There is somebody highly dangerous at Hogwarts. It is clear to me that they wanted to stop Crouch from seeing Dumbledore and you were probably feet away from them in the dark. You could have been killed. Your name didn't get into the Goblet of Fire by accident. If someone's trying to attack you, they're on their last chance. Stay close to Ron and Hermione, do not leave Gryffindor Tower after hours, and arm yourself for the third task. Practice Stunning and Disarming. A few hexes wouldn't go amiss either. There's nothing you can do about Crouch. Keep your head down and look after yourself. I'm waiting for your letter giving me your word you won't stray out-of-bounds again. Sirius â€Å"Who's he, to lecture me about being out-of-bounds?† said Harry in mild indignation as he folded up Sirius's letter and put it inside his robes. â€Å"After all the stuff he did at school!† â€Å"He's worried about you!† said Hermione sharply. â€Å"Just like Moody and Hagrid! So listen to them!† â€Å"No one's tried to attack me all year,† said Harry. â€Å"No one's done anything to me at all-â€Å" â€Å"Except put your name in the Goblet of Fire,† said Hermione. â€Å"And they must've done that for a reason. Harry. Snuffles is right. Maybe they've been biding their time. Maybe this is the task they're going to get you.† â€Å"Look,† said Harry impatiently, â€Å"let's say Sirius is right, and someone Stunned Krum to kidnap Crouch. Well, they would've been in the trees near us, wouldn't they? But they waited till I was out of the way until they acted, didn't they? So it doesn't look like I'm their target, does it?† â€Å"They couldn't have made it look like an accident if they'd murdered you in the forest!† said Hermione. â€Å"But if you die during a task-â€Å" â€Å"They didn't care about attacking Krum, did they?† said Harry. â€Å"Why didn't they just polish me off at the same time? They could've made it look like Krum and I had a duel or something.† â€Å"Harry, I don't understand it either,† said Hermione desperately. â€Å"I just know there are a lot of odd things going on, and I don't like it†¦.Moody's right – Sirius is right – you've got to get in training for the third task, straight away. And you make sure you write back to Sirius and promise him you're not going to go sneaking off alone again.† The Hogwarts grounds never looked more inviting than when Harry had to stay indoors. For the next few days he spent all of his free time either in the library with Hermione and Ron, looking up hexes, or else in empty classrooms, which they sneaked into to practice. Harry was concentrating on the Stunning Spell, which he had never used before. The trouble was that practicing it involved certain sacrifices on Ron's and Hermione's part. â€Å"Can't we kidnap Mrs. Norris?† Ron suggested on Monday lunchtime as he lay flat on his back in the middle of their Charms classroom, having just been Stunned and reawoken by Harry for the fifth time in a row. â€Å"Let's Stun her for a bit. Or you could use Dobby, Harry, I bet he'd do anything to help you. I'm not complaining or anything† – he got gingerly to his feet, rubbing his backside – â€Å"but I'm aching all over†¦.† â€Å"Well, you keep missing the cushions, don't you!† said Hermione impatiently, rearranging the pile of cushions they had used for the Banishing Spell, which Flitwick had left in a cabinet. â€Å"Just try and fall backward!† â€Å"Once you're Stunned, you can't aim too well, Hermione! â€Å"said Ron angrily. â€Å"Why don't you take a turn?† â€Å"Well, I think Harry's got it now, anyway,† said Hermione hastily. â€Å"And we don't have to worry about Disarming, because he's been able to do that for ages†¦.I think we ought to start on some of these hexes this evening.† She looked down the list they had made in the library. â€Å"I like the look of this one,† she said, â€Å"this Impediment Curse. Should slow down anything that's trying to attack you. Harry. We'll start with that one.† The bell rang. They hastily shoved the cushions back into Flitwick's cupboard and slipped out of the classroom. â€Å"See you at dinner!† said Hermione, and she set off for Arithmancy, while Harry and Ron headed toward North Tower, and Divination. Broad strips of dazzling gold sunlight tell across the corridor from the high windows. The sky outside was so brightly blue it looked as though it had been enameled. â€Å"It's going to be boiling in Trelawney's room, she never puts out that fire,† said Ron as they started up the staircase toward the silver ladder and the trapdoor. He was quite right. The dimly lit room was swelteringly hot. The fumes from the perfumed fire were heavier than ever. Harry's head swam as he made his way over to one of the curtained windows. While Professor Trelawney was looking the other way, disentangling her shawl from a lamp, he opened it an inch or so and settled back in his chintz armchair, so that a soft breeze played across his face. It was extremely comfortable. â€Å"My dears,† said Professor Trelawney, sitting down in her winged armchair in front of the class and peering around at them all with her strangely enlarged eyes, â€Å"we have almost finished our work on planetary divination. Today, however, will be an excellent opportunity to examine the effects of Mars, for he is placed most interestingly at the present time. If you will all look this way, I will dim the lights†¦.† She waved her wand and the lamps went out. The fire was the only source of light now. Professor Trelawney bent down and lifted, from under her chair, a miniature model of the solar system, contained within a glass dome. It was a beautiful thing; each of the moons glimmered in place around the nine planets and the fiery sun, all of them hanging in thin air beneath the glass. Harry watched lazily as Professor Trelawney began to point out the fascinating angle Mars was making to Neptune. The heavily perfumed fumes washed over him, and the breeze from the window played across his face. He could hear an insect humming gently somewhere behind the curtain. His eyelids began to droop†¦. He was riding on the back of an eagle owl, soaring through the clear blue sky toward an old, ivy-covered house set high on a hillside. Lower and lower they flew, the wind blowing pleasantly in Harry's face, until they reached a dark and broken window in the upper story of the house and entered. Now they were flying along a gloomy passageway, to a room at the very end†¦through the door they went, into a dark room whose windows were boarded up†¦. Harry had left the owl's back†¦he was watching, now, as it fluttered across the room, into a chair with its back to him†¦.There were two dark shapes on the floor beside the chair†¦both of them were stirring†¦. One was a huge snake†¦the other was a man†¦a short, balding man, a man with watery eyes and a pointed nose†¦he was wheezing and sobbing on the hearth rug†¦. â€Å"You are in luck, Wormtail,† said a cold, high-pitched voice from the depths of the chair in which the owl had landed. â€Å"You are very fortunate indeed. Your blunder has not ruined everything. He is dead.† â€Å"My Lord!† gasped the man on the floor. â€Å"My Lord, I am†¦I am so pleased†¦and so sorry†¦.† â€Å"Nagini,† said the cold voice, â€Å"you are out of luck. I will not be feeding Wormtail to you, after all†¦but never mind, never mind†¦there is still Harry Potter†¦.† The snake hissed. Harry could see its tongue fluttering. â€Å"Now, Wormtail,† said the cold voice, â€Å"perhaps one more little reminder why I will not tolerate another blunder from you†¦.† â€Å"My Lord†¦no†¦I beg you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tip of a wand emerged from around the back of the chair. It was pointing at Wormtail. â€Å"Crucio!† said the cold voice. Wormtail screamed, screamed as though every nerve in his body were on fire, the screaming filled Harry's ears as the scar on his forehead seared with pain; he was yelling too†¦Voldemort would hear him, would know he was there†¦. â€Å"Harry! Harry!† Harry opened his eyes. He was lying on the floor of Professor Trelawney's room with his hands over his face. His scar was still burning so badly that his eyes were watering. The pain had been real. The whole class was standing around him, and Ron was kneeling next to him, looking terrified. â€Å"You all right?† he said. â€Å"Of course he isn't!† said Professor Trelawney, looking thoroughly excited. Her great eyes loomed over Harry, gazing at him. â€Å"What was it. Potter? A premonition? An apparition? What did you see?† â€Å"Nothing,† Harry lied. He sat up. He could feel himself shaking. He couldn't stop himself from looking around, into the shadows behind him; Voldemort's voice had sounded so close†¦. â€Å"You were clutching your scar!† said Professor Trelawney. â€Å"You were rolling on the floor, clutching your scar! Come now. Potter, I have experience in these matters!† Harry looked up at her. â€Å"I need to go to the hospital wing, I think,† he said. â€Å"Bad headache.† â€Å"My dear, you were undoubtedly stimulated by the extraordinary clairvoyant vibrations of my room!† said Professor Trelawney. â€Å"If you leave now, you may lose the opportunity to see further than you have ever -â€Å" â€Å"I don't want to see anything except a headache cure,† said Harry. He stood up. The class backed away. They all looked unnerved. â€Å"See you later,† Harry muttered to Ron, and he picked up his bag and headed for the trapdoor, ignoring Professor Trelawney, who was wearing an expression of great frustration, as though she had just been denied a real treat. When Harry reached the bottom of her stepladder, however, he did not set off for the hospital wing. He had no intention whatsoever of going there. Sirius had told him what to do if his scar hurt him again, and Harry was going to follow his advice: He was going straight to Dumbledore's office. He marched down the corridors, thinking about what he had seen in the dream†¦it had been as vivid as the one that had awoken him on Privet Drive†¦.He ran over the details in his mind, trying to make sure he could remember them†¦.He had heard Voldemort accusing Wormtail of making a blunder†¦but the owl had brought good news, the blunder had been repaired, somebody was dead†¦so Wormtail was not going to be fed to the snake†¦he, Harry, was going to be fed to it instead†¦. Harry had walked right past the stone gargoyle guarding the entrance to Dumbledores office without noticing. He blinked, looked around, realized what he had done, and retraced his steps, stopping in front of it. Then he remembered that he didn't know the password. â€Å"Sherbet lemon?† he tried tentatively. The gargoyle did not move. â€Å"Okay,† said Harry, staring at it, â€Å"Pear Drop. Er – Licorice Wand. Fizzing Whizbee. Drooble's Best Blowing Gum. Bertie Bott's Every Flavor Beans†¦oh no, he doesn't like them, does he?†¦oh just open, can't you?† he said angrily. â€Å"I really need to see him, its urgent!† The gargoyle remained immovable. Harry kicked it, achieving nothing but an excruciating pain in his big toe. â€Å"Chocolate Frog!† he yelled angrily, standing on one leg. â€Å"Sugar Quill! Cockroach Cluster!† The gargoyle sprang to life and jumped aside. Harry blinked. â€Å"Cockroach Cluster?† he said, amazed. â€Å"I was only joking†¦.† He hurried through the gap in the walls and stepped onto the foot of a spiral stone staircase, which moved slowly upward as the doors closed behind him, taking him up to a polished oak door with a brass door knocker. He could hear voices from inside the office. He stepped off the moving staircase and hesitated, listening. â€Å"Dumbledore, I'm afraid I don't see the connection, don't see it at all!† It was the voice of the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge. â€Å"Ludo says Berthas perfectly capable of getting herself lost. I agree we would have expected to have found her by now, but all the same, we've no evidence of foul play, Dumbledore, none at all. As for her disappearance being linked with Barty Crouch's!† â€Å"And what do you thinks happened to Barty Crouch, Minister?† said Moody's growling voice. â€Å"I see two possibilities, Alastor,† said Fudge. â€Å"Either Crouch has finally cracked – more than likely, I'm sure you'll agree, given his personal history – lost his mind, and gone wandering off somewhere -â€Å" â€Å"He wandered extremely quickly, if that is the case, Cornelius,† said Dumbledore calmly. â€Å"Or else – well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Fudge sounded embarrassed. â€Å"Well, I'll reserve judgment until after I've seen the place where he was found, but you say it was just past the Beauxbatons carriage? Dumbledore, you know what that woman is?† â€Å"I consider her to be a very able headmistress – and an excellent dancer,† said Dumbledore quietly. â€Å"Dumbledore, come!† said Fudge angrily. â€Å"Don't you think you might be prejudiced in her favor because of Hagrid? They don't all turn out harmless – if, indeed, you can call Hagrid harmless, with that monster fixation he's got -â€Å" â€Å"I no more suspect Madame Maxime than Hagrid,† said Dumbledore, just as calmly. â€Å"I think it possible that it is you who are prejudiced, Cornelius.† â€Å"Can we wrap up this discussion?† growled Moody. â€Å"Yes, yes, let's go down to the grounds, then,† said Fudge impatiently. â€Å"No, it's not that,† said Moody, â€Å"it's just that Potter wants a word with you, Dumbledore. He's just outside the door.†

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Abraham Lincoln, one of the greatest leaders in American history who has votes himself entirely into the great reformation of the country, was not as dutiful as in his presidency before he become the leader Of United States. During his early political career, his opinion on controversy of slavery had always been neutral in front of public. Nevertheless, he showed his firmness and fortitude on reforming the social structure of the country after he had won his election. The difference between early and late politic career of Abraham Lincoln perfectly demonstrate that people need external force to achieve a new level in their career.Another person who depicts brand new self after tremendous life change would be Kimberly Ghana, the Chinese girl from â€Å"Girl in Translation†. In the book, the girl and her family have immigrated to the great united States. The cruel reality she was living in made her become strong and brave when facing others who bully and disdain her. Despite all the pressure, she managed to study hard and gained scholarship in new private school. The headmaster admired her resilience and talents. Eventually, the saying â€Å"chance favors only the prepared mind† has proven on Kimberly. Her outstanding academic impressed Yale University.

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Week 6 kinesiology - Essay Example om consumption of minimally processed carbohydrates, beans vegetables, whole grain food and healthy fat balanced in their meals along with adequate proteins. It is however unfortunate that most people do not know the right amount of carbohydrates to take and the role carbohydrates has in their body. According Nancy, the misconceptions and myths about carbohydrates and other macro-elements have been dispelled with good illustrations (Clark pp. 14). The absorption of carbohydrate in the body does vary depending on the type of carbohydrate. The body absorbs various kinds of sugar at different rates and using differing pathways. Consuming a number of sugars helps absorption during exercise; hence, sportsmen are encouraged to consume various kinds of sugars during exercise. Good examples of sugar found in engineered sports food include maltodextrins. This element has the capability of providing energy with rapid absorption and less sweetness as experienced in normal sugars Protein is an essential element in the body as it helps build and repair worn out tissues, add red blood cells, produce hormones, boost immune and other core functions. The body can only take a small proportion of protein and the rest in passed out of the body through urine and feces. This crashes a common misconception that eating lots of protein can help someone build the muscles rapidly. Honestly, the body needs a small fraction of protein as it is unable to store protein in the body. The rest becomes waste. Therefore, as a sportsman, one should take a lot of carbohydrates as the energy would he required and less of proteins to repair worn-out tissue and increase the red blood cell count (Clark pp. 21). The value of protein can be found in the different kind of amino acids. Amino acids are proteins and are used to categorize on which type of protein one consumes. Protein also carries with it other important essential elements such as zinc, iron and calcium among other elements. The iron is

Construction Adjudication Law - Legal problem Coursework

Construction Adjudication Law - Legal problem - Coursework Example The architects in question who did the preliminary design had the obligation to check the ground conditions and foundation requirements. PCL bears a partial responsibility for the design flaw. The matter is referred to adjudication under clause 9.2 of the JCT Design and Building Contract. There were a number of issues with the adjudication process and this include a reliable information that the CEO of PDP and the Adjudicator went for a weekend in a country hotel where they were overhead discussing things related to the case. From the case study, there is the need for the following things and matters to be examined in relation to the relevant rules about: 1. The scope of the Adjudicator's obligations and whether it was met or not. 2. The independence of the Adjudicator. 3. The impartiality of the Adjudicator's processes in dealing with the case 4. The ability of the case to be escalated to a court dispute. Scope of Adjudication The main issue of contention is to define the actual que stion and the actual point of law that the adjudicator of the case at hand was supposed to handle. This is in response to the accusation of the CEO of PDP that the adjudicator addressed the wrong question. ... ication of the relevant provision, it can be said that the obligation of the Adjudicator in this case is to identify the procedure that was used by the contracting party and which party deserves to be held responsible for the damage. In other words, the Adjudicator has to examine the contract between PDP and PCL and identify who is responsible for the determination of the soil condition and the point in the contract that it went wrong. The evidence of both parties were to be examined and a conclusion could be drawn. However, in this case, it is apparent that the Adjudicator did not spend too much time studying those documents. Rather, he examined just two variables, the architects and PCL's relative positions. He did not go deep into the contract, neither did he set out a fair procedure. Hence, it can be concluded that he did not operate within the scope of the contract. Independence of the Adjudicator The Adjudicator happened to be the brother-in-law of the MD of PCL. This shows cle arly that they had an informal relationship that could have implications for the independence of the Adjudicator. The Adjudicator, as a professional, has codes of ethics in the profession he belongs to, whether he is a legal professional or a construction expert. Every adjudicator needs to be independent and be seen to be independent in his decisions and procedures3. In a landmark ruling in a construction arbitration case in France, which is part of European Union Law, it was stated that â€Å"An Arbitrator should not have any commercial or other similar connection with either party which may give rise to suspicion in the mind of a reasonable person that he may be biased†4. The implication is that there should be no relationship that exists between an adjudicator and any of the parties that

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 - Essay Example Americans have had many successes in this regard, having been responsible, in most cases, in being able to effect the deposing of regimes and rulers through various means, among then covert acts to achieve their ends, and making use of a wide array of figures in public American life, including business people, spies, government people, politicians, and military leaders. Tracing the history of American action, Kinzer notes that American action goes back to the deposing of the Hawaiian monarchy, and the actions that led to the effective annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba during the so-called Spanish-American War. These initial successes led to the emboldening of the American effort and the extension of is interventions southwards of the American continent, making use of its intervention powers to depose the leaders of Honduras and Nicaragua via successful coup detats. When the Cold War with the Soviet Union kicked into high gear, on the other hand, American interventio ns in country affairs took on the flavor of an ideological and power struggle to one-up the Communist enemy in a global power struggle, with the United States identified as instigating the collapse of Chilean, Iranian and Guatemalan democratic institutions on the one hand, and the downfall of the president of South Vietnam in a successful assassination effort. Post Cold War, the US has been identified as having played a big hand in overthrowing existing regimes in Iraq, Grenada, Afghanistan, and Panama via invasion exercises (Kinzer 2006). Tactical differences in the interventions of the United States in general and the Central Intelligence Agency in particular during the Imperial Era and during the Cold War Era involved either instigating and leading regime change wholesale, or in providing ammunition either financially or materially or both, to existing rebellions and underground anti-establishment groups to foment dissent and catapult the dissenting parties to power, at the

Review the literature and evidence for or against the effectiveness of Essay

Review the literature and evidence for or against the effectiveness of packaging as an important part of tobacco promotion. With special reference to Australia - Essay Example igarettes or other tobacco products should carry no advertising or promotion, including design features that make products attractive† (Voon, Mitchell, and Liberman, 2012, p. 38). White, Webster, and Wakefield (2008) investigated the impact of introducing the graphic warning labels of health on the adolescents and found that the established and experimental adolescent smokers were more likely to consider quitting smoking. The researchers also found lower intentions of smoking among students that discussed the new labels of warning with one another. The use of stronger warning labels on the packaging of cigarettes in Australia led to an increase in the population of people that reported that the warning had always caught their attention by 29 per cent (Borland, 1997). The packaging of cigarettes has a significant impact on the tendency of people to smoke. According to the results of a survey that was carried out to investigate the transaction times of tobacco in 100 different suburban retail outlets in Perth before and after plain packaging of cigarettes found that the transaction times of most retailers were reduced because of plain packaging, that suggests increased sales of cigarettes (BMJ, 2013). This is why â€Å"[p]ackaging has been used for many years to generate evocative images such as luxury, freedom, glamour, status and masculinity and femininity† (World Heart Federation, n.d., p. 5). Graphic warnings on the packaging of cigarettes in Australia include information on the potential ways of quitting smoking like website addresses and quitline numbers. Use of this strategy has been found to be effective in encouraging the smokers to quit smoking (tobaccofreekids.org, n.d., p. 4). This can be estimated from the fact that after the pictorial labels were introduced with the quitline information on the packaging of cigarettes in Australia in the year 2006, a two-fold increase in the rate of callers of quitline was noticed in comparison to the two preceding

The Importance of a Fire Department Safety Officer Research Paper

The Importance of a Fire Department Safety Officer - Research Paper Example OSHA guidelines were set up in order to lessen the risk of firefighter work-related injuries. Fire department safety officers refer to these guidelines for training and comply with them in order to keep their employees safe during and after emergency situations ("Fire service", n.d.).   Firefighters can be either on-call, voluntary or full-time firefighters. Voluntary firefighters are not eligible for pay or any workers’ compensation. In contrast, on call and full-time firefighters are eligible for workers’ compensation. Workers’ compensation is a law that allows employees to file for benefits when they incur work-related illnesses or injuries. These benefits can be medical in nature, including rehabilitation programs or replacement wages. Some employers require full-time employees to enroll in workers’ compensation benefits as part of their cafeteria plans. This ensures that in an emergency situation that may result in the injury or death of the employee, the latter will still get compensated. In order to avail of workers’ compensation benefits, an employee needs to file a claim ("Firefighters", n.d.). The claim has to coincide with the OSHA record logs that the employee did sustain an injury while working on the job or as a resul t of the working environment, like in the case of firefighters who are exposed to hazardous wastes and chemicals. Safety officers are responsible for keeping these injury logs so that when an employee files for a claim, they can present the needed documentation to support the claim. ("OSHA recordkeeping", n.d.)   When filing workers’ compensation though, volunteer firefighters do not get the same benefits since they are not deemed as employees. Even though they sustain the same injuries as full-time firefighters, when they get injured or get ill, their claims will be denied.     

Brazil, One of the BRICS Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brazil, One of the BRICS Countries - Essay Example Brazil has since been a leading nation in the global scene with the integration of all of the universal races from all the continents. The mulatto constitutes the second majority of the population with the whites occupying 53% in population (Nascimento, 2007). The rest are black and other tribes that share the remaining constitution in the population. The largest South American nation has been developed based on a diverse economic activity with a tropical climate in the north and temperate southern climate. The nation has been developed based on these activities and the abundance of a rich mineral reserve that supplies the population with a livelihood source to support a growing population. The rich composition of the Brazilian nation has been built on diversity in the population and the rich culture that shape the development witnessed in the country. A multi-dynamic population that forms the culture constitutes the composition of Brazil. The nation had been formed based on the indi genous Portuguese population that dictated the initial cultural practices and the catholic religion that is more dominant. However, the southern nation experienced an increased migration pattern that saw the arrival of an increased and diversified culture. The population has been created based on the greatest population composers in Indigenous Americans, Africans and the varied Portuguese population that have interacted to create diversity experienced in Brazil. The architecture in Brazil, the Portuguese language and the religion has since been the identity of the nation based on the original inhabitants of the land. The multicultural platform has created integration that tolerates foreign inhabitants capable of integrating into the population, and generating the cultural affiliation realized in the bend of traditional and contemporary cultural traditions. The population composition of Brazil has reflected the culture of the nation with African, American, Portuguese and European nat ions reflecting the identity of the nation. The mestizos had been created as the result of the interaction of the colonizers in Portuguese and the natives. The Mulattoes were a new culture from the African slaves and the colonizers and after liberation in 1888 slavery was eradicated to eliminate racial imbalance (Hollander, 2003). The entire population in Brazil adopted Portuguese as the language for interaction with the Roman Catholic religion constituting the chief religion in Brazil. Hollander (2003) state that the diverse population has also influenced the food, culture and heritage of the nation, to present, distinct practices to be highlighted in the ceremonies witnessed. The cultural affiliations are reflected in the greatest event practiced in Brazil during the carnival held 46 days prior to the Easter holiday. The reflection accorded had been the culture practiced in the pagan religion that had existed in the native inhabitants before the introduction of Christianity. Varie d tribes occupy the regions in Brazil and each bear varied principles and practices. The Bahia region composed on mainly African origin practice a distinct music, language and religious perspectives. The food that is mostly adopted in the culture has been in rice and beans with manioc as the leading composition in the diet. Although urbanization has led to the adoption of a globalized trend in completion of the activities, there has been the preservation of the cultural

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Administration - Essay Example This change in the public administration in the British government has created various criticisms and incited other nations to study this strategy and modify the delivery of public service in their own government. Public administration has changed along with the growing needs of the public. On the other hand, as the number of studies in public administration increases over the years, there has been no exact definition of the term as a subject. Debates on privatization, corruption, and government values have been raised over the years but the boundaries between what is public and what is private are never identified. These two opposite sections are said to fade imperceptibly into one another because both sectors are closely entangled in the complex network of relationships that form a social system. Furthermore, the ideas of administration cannot be separated from management since it is interrelated with policy making that which is a part of studying public administration (Chandler, 2000) Public administration, defined academically, is the study of the development and maintenance of policy by members of governments, public agencies and public sector employees and the practice of implementing the authoritative decisions they have made. Patterned after the recognized definition of the word public, the study of public administration has involved the establishment and sustenance of the constitution or authoritative governments of a nation or nations. And even as it is a part of political analysis, its theories involve economics and management disciplines that are significant aspects in politics (Chandler, 2000). Chandler (2000) laid several arguments concerning public administration and its role in promoting government services. The areas that which public administration focus more were political sociology or philosophy wherein it studies the manner in which politicians perceive and react to varying social economic

Point of view Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Point of view - Essay Example As the stewardess pushed the food cart along the narrow center-aisle, the plane’s rickety engineering made creaking noises and lead one to consider that it would be worth going without food to avoid the challenge that became distributing food among the passengers. When the food reached the passengers it was stale and hardly edible; it tasted like it had been stored for months and only recently brought out. Many passengers became sick and made their way towards the restroom. This created a commotion in the aircraft that left a pervasive feeling of unease and further annoyance among the passengers. A further cramped feeling occurred as the passengers had to push against the other passengers aside to make their way towards the restroom. This terrible plane ride continued before finally landing in the United Kingdom airport. Wonderful Airplane Ride Across the Atlantic Ocean When the passengers took their seats and reached towards the magazines in front of them they settled into wh at would become a wonderful airplane ride across the Atlantic Ocean. While the airplane wasn’t as large as traditional airliners it had a number of charming elements that made it more enjoyable than other flight methods. The plane had an intimate setting so that conversations carried throughout the flight.

Railway Station Essay Example for Free

Railway Station Essay The stench of boiling coffee wafted around the deserted railway station, there were flutters of pigeons scuffling around, scrounging all the left over nibbles that had been left on the floor by the commuters from the evening before. It was dawn and as the sun was rising, so was a brisk wind that every now and then swarmed through the dark station whisking away severely crumpled newspapers that on their round, the cleaners had missed with the dust pan and brush earlier that morning. The hustle and bustle of the ordinary public hurled its way into the calm, collected station. Information boards began to rustle and the sounds of trains departed from what was now like another world, the smelly crammed station that had lost all its sense of dignity was now ready and waiting for what the day had in store. When people boarded the train that was due to take them to their destination it was like they had no concept of what was going on around them, completely oblivious to all the other passengers. Newspapers went up in the hot and clustered train compartment and people tucked themselves away in them for the duration of their journey even if they had already read it all, they would do anything to avoid the eye of a fellow commuter. The old escalators whined as they continually roamed up, and then back down again, as they carry frustrated, dizzy passengers who are always having to hurry around, never having anytime to stop on there busy, rushed route to work. Along one of the hard, cold walls a man sat there still, with his dog as a companion, eagerly anticipating the kind passer by, who frequently would be able to spare a moment of their time to drop in a few valuable Pennines. A warm, soft smell filled the right hand side of the station. The shoe polish from the repair stand that made everyone tilt there heads towards as the brushed by. Every now and then a well groomed business man popped in and had his shoes polished, before returning to his recurring hassle of his job. Throughout the chilled station a repeated yell took place every so often, coming from the four newspaper stalls, which echoed all around the station, Standard, come and get ya standard. The friendly face that occurred in the same place, at the same time, every day of the working year. Desperate to sell the days loads of papers to the commuters passing through the station. The stench of boiling coffee wafted around the deserted railway station, there were flutters of pigeons scuffling around, scrounging all the left over nibbles that had been left on the floor by the commuters from the evening before. It was dawn and as the sun was rising, so was a brisk wind that every now and then swarmed through the dark station whisking away severely crumpled newspapers that on their round, the cleaners had missed with the dust pan and brush earlier that morning.

Challenges of Being an Advocate and Neutral Facilitator Essay Example for Free

Challenges of Being an Advocate and Neutral Facilitator Essay Dual Relationship Challenges A mediator is an impartial third party who meets with two or more people to encourage and facilitate communication in order to reach an agreement or conclusion over a conflict that exists between the two parties. The mediator is not the decision maker. The two parties and not the mediator will make the final decision. It is the legal and ethical job of the mediator to keep all communication confidential unless otherwise specified (The Association of Attorney-Mediators, 2001). The mediator should never choice anyone side or force one party to agree with the other. Because mediators are neutral, their personal beliefs and values can be a challenge. There are legal, moral, and ethical issues that mediators have to tackle when they deal with the parties conflicts. The mediator has to assure that each party is comfortable and know that their issues and thoughts are heard. It is important the mediator remain bias. Personal Perception Mediators and advocates are the vital to the human services field. Their clients depend on the mediator to inform them of their rights. They do not know the laws and the procedures that protect them. That is why mediators and advocates there to assist them. Personal Philosophy and Approach The services that are provided at the Planned Parenthood Agencies, I feel are important. Most soon to be, parents are teen who have no idea on how to tell their parents or guardians that they are expecting. The mediator at Planned Parenthood (the counselor) will be the one that will assist them on informing their parents or guardians and be the neutral party that will help them to determine the next step. Whether it be abortion, adoption or to keep the baby. The mediator is has no personal interest in the family but they do have to accept the decision of the family no matter what their personal beliefs are. Planned Parenthood is trusted health care providers, informed educators, passionate advocates, and a global partner helping similar organizations around the world. Planned Parenthood delivers vital sex education and information to millions of women, men, and young people worldwide (Parenthood) . They are mediators must remain neutral if they really want to help the families through their difficult ordeal because it takes a person who can help the two parties come to a civilized decision about their issues. Conclusion It is important that human service professionals who are mediators and advocates remain neutral when assisting parties with their issues.

Contemporary Brand Management Report for EasyJet

Contemporary Brand Management Report for EasyJet Background Overall, the travel market has performed well since 2001, with revenue growth accelerating from 3% in 2002 to 11% in 2004, with total sales for that year being estimated at US$ 549.4 billion. However, some sectors performed better than others, and the share of air transport fell gradually between 1999 and 2003, partly as a result of falling fares due to industry liberalisation and the growth of low-cost airlines. However, sales rose strongly in 2004 as the travel industry recovered and economic conditions were stronger. Indeed, over the period from 1999 to 2004, online sales grew by a spectacular 403%, to reach US$85.2 billion, and the online share of total travel retail sales increased from just 4% in 1999 to almost 16% in 2004. Air transport is by far the largest transportation sector in terms of overall sales, due to its high prices and convenience, with a value share of 58% in 2004. (Global Market Information Database, 2005). As of 2004, no-frills airlines were continuing to expand, although there were signs of a shake-out in the industry as several smaller businesses went bankrupt in 2004, and intense competition has also brought some major US carriers to the brink of bankruptcy. In 2004, Air France Group became the leading airline in the world in terms of value market share, after the merger of Air France with Dutch national carrier KLM. The combined airline now operates a fleet of 550 aircraft, serving 189 destinations in 84 countries, through more than 1,800 flights per day. Air France Group had an estimated market share of 6% in 2004, overtaking the previous market leader, Japan Airlines Co Ltd (JAL), and is thus one of the strongest brands in the market, due to its new European identity, and high level of coverage. (Global Market Information Database, 2005). JAL Group itself was also the result of a merger in 2002 between Japan Airlines and Japan Air System, and its share fell in 2004 to 5%, due to the group’s poor financial performance in that year. Although domestic routes were reported to have performed well in 2004, the slump in the international segment gave rise to a  ¥72.1 billion (US$687 million) operating loss, due to the adverse effects of very low travel confidence in Japan, which prevailed in the first half of fiscal 2004. Nevertheless, JAL continued to increase its leading share in the domestic Japanese market to 43%, well ahead of the number two company, All Nippon Airways, with 34%, due to its strong connections with its country of origin. (Global Market Information Database, 2005). The largest US carrier, AMR, was virtually on a par with JAL in both 2003 and 2004 in terms of value market share, and also saw its share fall slightly, to 5% in 2004. The American airlines all suffered from the events of 11 September 2001 and from the economic downturn, and have continued to perform badly. UAL Corp saw its global share fall from almost 6% in 2001 to just over 4% in 2004, while the share of Delta Airlines fell to 4% over the same period. United Air Lines was the most severely hit of the â€Å"big three† US airlines after 11 September 2001, and was forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy at the end of 2002. However, after undergoing a drastic restructuring programme, the airline had received the necessary financing to emerge from bankruptcy by the end of 2003. All the US airlines are currently experiencing brand identity crises, as the US continues to associate air travel with the spread of international terrorism. The European airlines British Airways (BA) and Deutsche Lufthansa have also experienced mixed fortunes. While the share of BA fell steadily over the review period, to 4% in 2004, that of Lufthansa rose, placing it almost equal with BA, and Lufthansa recorded increased sales and achieved profits in the first quarter of 2004, compared to a loss in the same period of the previous year. (Global Market Information Database, 2005)Both these firms are struggling to compete with the strongly growing no frills airlines, potentially indicating that the national brand reinforcement is no longer enough to build a strong brand in the airline industry, and that something more is needed. Brand Essence Govers and Schoormans (2005) provide one of the best pieces on the concept of brand management, claiming that, beyond their functional utility and purpose, products and series have a symbolic meaning, and parts of this symbolic meaning are accounted for by concepts like brand personality and product-user image, which describe the symbolic meaning associated with the brand or product class. Plummer (1984) also focused strongly on the personality of brands, claiming that there are, in reality, two different faces of brand personality, and it is necessary to understand both faces in order to better grasp the totality and power of this useful strategic concept. A brand presents itself to the world in many ways, through the product itself, through its packaging, its name and where it is sold. A brand sold in a supermarket or via the internet, is attempting to communicate something, but the world, on the other hand, interprets the brand through many different filters; through experience, t hrough perceptions, misconceptions, the value systems of the individuals out there in the world, and, of course, all the noise in the system. The two faces of brand personality therefore are input, that is, what advertisers want consumers to think and feel, and out-take, what consumers actually do think and feel, and these two perspectives on brand personality can be expressed in two forms. The first can be seen as the brand personality statement; and the other as the brand personality profiles, which are consumer perceptions of the brand. (de Chernatony and McDonald, 2003) In terms of a brand personality for an airline, this can be vitally important, as few markets are as brutally competitive as the airline market. However, just because the competition is tough, thats no reason to be tough on customers, like many airlines do, as they are convinced that travellers care mainly about price. As a result, many airlines most notably the major U.S. carriers and budget airlines seem to have made cutting costs the top priority at the expense of their service quality, and have built brand personalities around looking to pinch every penny. However, Prokesch, S. E. (1995) claims that it doesnt have to be that way, even in a cutthroat, mass-market business such as air travel. He argues that there are plenty of people who will pay a premium for good service, even among those who travel economy, and points at British Airways’ profits as a key indicator because, while the world airline industry has racked up billions of dollars in losses in the last five years, British Airways has remained solidly profitable on the back of outstanding customer service. EasyJet has taken this lesson to heart, recruiting senior marketers in each of its major European markets in 2004, in order to coincide with its major full-scale brand relaunch that year. The airline, whose previous marketing communications were accused by some of lacking the lustre of its early years, hired dedicated country managers for the UK, France, Germany, Spain and the rest of Europe, who were responsible for putting in place tailored strategies that relate to their markets perceptions of easyJet. (Rogers, Oct 2004) As a result, the airline managed to develop a fresh corporate identity and brand personality, along with its first sonic logo. It also relaunched its website, substantially increased its European advertising budget to back its first UK TV campaign, and changed typography, by removing the .com from most marketing communication and the cartoon style plane from its ads. The 11m euro ( £7.6m) campaign, which ran across Europe, featured the strapline Come on, lets fl y, and was created by Sledge, easyJets first UK ad agency, with media through OMD. This campaign was driven by the belief that although the â€Å"original marketing created lots of noise† it failed to â€Å"define the airlines distinctive attributes.† (Rogers, Oct 2004) As a result, the new campaign was aimed at creating more emotion around the brand, meaning that, although easyJet remained price-driven, it also focused on the all important customer service. This re launch appears to have pushed easyJet away from its previous position, near the foot of the airline industry brand pyramid. Previously viewed as a last resort for travellers who cared only for costs, with no thought to service or comfort, the company performed well, despite previously being one of the UKs most hated brands. However, with fuel prices rising, and cost cutting initiatives only being able to produce a certain amount of return, the firm has repositioned and re branded itself in order to move of the foot of the brand pyramid, leaving this space to Ryanair, and similar budget carriers, and moved itself into the middle market, with the likes of BMI. Although the carrier is still perceived as a long way below BA and the other premium service carriers, its brand re launch has now enabled it to move into the top five in the list of the UK’s preferred airline brands (Curtis, 2004) Positioning Most people have an opinion about easyJet, which is one of its core strengths, built on the back of the budget airline’s initial positioning as a liberator, enabling people to travel more frequently around Europe, with prices more akin to domestic train travel than the traditionally high prices charged by European flag carriers. Also, under the guidance of Stelios Haji-Ioannou it developed as one of the UKs most distinctive brands, with a trademark anti-establishment attitude. However, the sector has seen growing competition from domestic entrants such as Thomsonfly and Continental start-ups such as Wizz, from Eastern Europe, with higher fuel prices are also hitting profits. As a result, in positioning terms, some feel easyJet has been squeezed between airlines such as British Airways and the ultra low-cost Ryanair. (Rogers, Jul 2004) It is as a result of this that EasyJet hired Sledge as its first ad agency to develop the Lets fly positioning, and has recently launched a mult imillion-pound drive aimed at business travellers. (Marketing (UK), 2005) The airline had previously focused its positioning and marketing efforts on holidaymakers, but is now looking to increase its share of the business market, with print, poster and radio advertisements carrying the strapline ‘Youre a business. You work it out.’ (Marketing (UK), 2005). In contrast, it is a different story for one of easyJet’s key competitors: British Airways, for whom it would appear that, no matter how badly the firm performs, the UK public will always remain loyal. BA has a clear lead as Britains favourite airline, and is seventh place in the overall best-loved brands table; however this doesn’t tally with the reality of its declining fortunes, mainly at the hands of the budget airlines, which, with easyJet’s recent rise excluded, fail to make it into the top five airlines. This can be seen as a testament to easyJet’s strength, and successful positioning switch, that it has managed to make it into such list, especially when you compare the years of heritage and investment behind the BA brand, with the new re launch of easyJet. Comparing the easyJet brand, and relative success, to that of Ryanair, anlysts have claimed that: â€Å"both easyJet and Ryanair spotted a gap in the market, but there is a difference between a good-value proposition and being cheap. (Curtis, 2004), and this has been cited as the reason Ryanair failed to make the top five.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Celebrity endorsement The use of celebrities as part of marketing communications strategy is a fairly common practice for major firms in supporting corporate or brand imagery. Firms invest significant monies in juxtaposing brands and organisations with endorser qualities such as attractiveness, likeability, and trustworthiness. They trust that these qualities operate in a transferable way, and, will generate desirable campaign outcomes. But, at times, celebrity qualities may be inappropriate, irrelevant, and undesirable. Several studies have examined consumers response to celebrity endorsements in advertising. Findings show that celebrities make advertisements believable (Kamins et al. 1989) and enhance message recall (Friedman and Friedman 1979). Furthermore, celebrities aid in the recognition of brand names (Petty, Cacioppo, and Schumann 1983), create a positive attitude towards the brand (Kamins et al. 1989), and create a distinct personality for the endorsed brand (McCracken 1989). Ultimately, celebri ty endorsements are believed to generate a greater likelihood of customers choosing the endorsed brand (Heath, McCarthy, and Mothersbaugh 1994) Thus, the use of celebrity endorsements is an advertising strategy that should enhance the marginal value of advertisement expenditures and create brand equity by means of the secondary association of a celebrity with a brand (Keller 1993). However, celebrity endorsements are expensive for the firm, and depending on the status of the celebrity, remuneration could run into millions for several years. A contract may also include a profit sharing plan, with firms often building special and costly advertising campaigns around celebrities. For example, Coca Cola Co. reportedly spent $25 million in an advertising campaign with Bill Cosby as its spokesperson for Coke (Advertising Age 1986), and IBM spent $40 million in an advertising campaign involving MASH actors (Reuters 1987). Overall, the use of celebrities as spokespersons in advertisements constitutes a significant investment in intangible assets by the sponsoring firm, an investment that management hopes to offset with greater future sales revenues and profits. A possible choice of celebrity to endorse easyJet would be Michael Moore, the American author and film maker, renowned for his antiestablishment attitude. Although the signing of Moore would undoubtedly be controversial, and possibly difficult to achieve, easyJet’s image has been founded on being controversial and willing to offend people, especially those in positions of authority, in the pursuit of its ultimate goals, and thus Moore’s backing would help support these ideals, and ensure that they remained at the forefront of easyJet’s branding. However, Moore’s anti-Bush and anti-America rhetoric has often caused him to be at odds with a large portion of the population of the United States, and although easyJet doesn’t operate in the US, this is something to consider, as the firm may wish to expand to the US in the future, and may also have a large number of potential passengers amongst Americans living in Europe. Special Interest: Online Presence EasyJet is often cited as the firm which pioneered many of the innovations that shaped the market for low-cost air travel, and information technology and an online presence has been at the heart of those developments. For example, EasyJet was the first Great Britain carrier to sell tickets online, in April 1998; however launching that first site was relatively straightforward compared to the headaches that the company faces today when managing and updating a live site that handles millions of customers each year. As such, easyJet’s online presence is of vital importance to the company for its future brand management strategies. (Warren, 2003) Indeed, Campaign (UK) (2003) recently reported that EasyJet has appointed OMD Europe to handle its  £3 million online business across European markets including Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. One excellent example of how easyJet is attempting to widen its brand visibility and appeal through the internet is the recent agreement that easyJet entered into with First Choice Inc., seen as being the final nail in the coffin in both companies tenuous relationship with agents. First Choice Inc.’s vertically integrated online accommodation subsidiary, ‘Hotelopia’, will provide rooms in 10,000 hotels across the world through the easyJet web site, with easyJet getting the commission for the booking, although the commercial details of the agreement have not been released. In addition to the financial benefits, this agreement will also enable easyJet to spread its brand image and appeal to a much wider audience, thus increasing the impact of its brand management strategies. (Davern, 2004) References Advertising Age (1986) E. F. Huttons Spokesman Idea a Cos Celebre. p. 1. Campaign (UK) (2003) EasyJet picks OMD Europe for online media business. Issue 43, p. 7. Curtis, J. (2004) Brands we love, brands we hate. Marketing (UK); 9/29/2004, p34. de Chernatony, L. and McDonald, M. (2003) Creating Powerful Brands in Consumer Service and Industrial Markets, 3rd Edition. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Davern, F. (2004) First Choice hops into bed with easyJet. Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland; Issue 2465, p. 3. Friedman, H. H. and Friedman, L. (1979) Endorser Effectiveness by Product Type. Journal of Advertising Research, p. 63. Global Market Information Database (2005) The World Market for Travel and Tourism. Euromonitor International. Govers, R. C. M. and Schoormans, J. P. L. (2005) Product personality and its influence on consumer preference. Journal of Consumer Marketing; 2005, Vol. 22 Issue 4, p189. Heath, T. B., McCarthy, M. S. and Mothersbaugh D. L. (1994) Spokesperson Fame and Vividness Effects in the Context of Issue-Relevant Thinking: The Moderating Role of Competitive Setting. Journal of Consumer Research; p. 520. Kamins, M. A., Brand, M. J., Hoeke, S. A., and Moe, J. C. (1989) Two-Sided Versus One-Sided Celebrity Endorsements: The Impact on Advertising Effectiveness and Credibility Journal of Advertising; Vol. 18, Issue 2, p. 4. Keller, K. L. (1993) Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing; p. 1. Marketing (UK) (2005) EasyJet targets business traffic. 4/27/2005, p. 5. McCracken, G. (1989) Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process. Journal of Consumer Research; p. 310. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T. and Schumann, D. (1983) Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement. Journal of Consumer Research; p. 135. Plummer, J. T. (1984) How Personality Makes a Difference. Journal of Advertising Research; Vol. 24, Issue 6, p. 27. Prokesch, S. E. (1995) Competing on Customer Service: An Interview with British Airways Sir Colin Marshall. Harvard Business Review; Vol. 73, Issue 6, p. 100. Reuters (1987) April 3. Rogers, D. (Oct 2004) EasyJet relaunches with top-level rejig. Marketing (UK); 10/13/2004, p. 5. Rogers, D. (Jul 2004) EasyJet. Marketing (UK), 7/21/2004, p. 22. Warren, L. (2003) Blazing the easyJet trail. Computer Weekly; 9/30/2003, p. 28.

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty (1) ABSTRACT: The notions of representationalism and antirepresentationalism are introduced and used in contemporary philosophical discussions by Richard Rorty to describe his and the neopragmatists' attitude toward traditional problems of epistemology. Rorty means that the history of philosophy shows that there are no final answers to the traditional questions about knowledge, truth, and representation; consequently, they should be rejected. Rorty thinks such questions should be eliminated from philosophy since there is no possibility to get outside of our mind and language. We cannot say anything about a mind-transcendent or language-transcendent, nonlocal or eternal reality. Hilary Putnam agrees with Rorty on this, but not with the conclusion that we should reject traditional philosophical questions. For Putnam, the epistemological questions are worthwhile asking and, although we cannot find the final correct answers, we should continue our investigations as if there were final answer s. Our struggles with those problems can lead to refinements of the formulations and to cognitive developments. Putnam proposes a quasi-realism which is often called "internal realism." Rorty rejects every refinement of realism as still realism and believes that the questions of knowledge, truth, and representation lead to regresses ad infinitum or to circular reasoning. Probably few philosophers influenced so decisively the development of epistemology as Kant. Without him it is not possible to describe the last two hundred years of the history of philosophy as well as contemporary philosophy in general. On the other "end of the line" one of the most influential contemporary American philosophers Richard Rorty proposes that we should abandon epistemology and Kantian picture of representation. In this paper I pose the question, whether Rorty is thorougly succesful in his abandomnent. I try to investigate the differences and similarities of Kantian and Rortyan thinking with the help of the epistemological notion of representationalism and of the antiepistemological notion of antirepresentationalism. If it is possible to find crucial overlapping areas of both thinking, then there arises a dilemma: either Kant himself is a "Rortyan", postepistemological thinker, and this would be a surprizing new idea about Kantian philosophy or Rorty succeeds not comple tely to overcome the structures of Kantian-epistemological thinking. The notions representationalism and antirepresentationalism are introduced and used in contemporary philosophical discussions by Richard Rorty, to describe his and the neopragmatists attitude towards traditional problems of epistemology and "to make safe the world" for a "postepistemological" thinking. Rorty means, the history of philosophy showed, that there are no final answers to the traditional questions about "knowledge," "truth" and "representation"; (2) consequently they should be rejected.

Essay on Romantics and Merchants in The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant Venice Essays

Romantics and Merchants in The Merchant of Venice  Ã‚   Shakespeare's comedies usually follow a clearly defined pattern. He presents a conflict, and the characters eventually resolve the conflict in a relatively happy ending, which involves marrying off the hero and his entourage to the heroine and her companions, leaving the villain outside the "magic circle" of protagonists. In The Merchant of Venice, Antonio is presented as the hero, and Shylock the villain, but neither is within the circle of marriages at the end of Act V. In fact, Antonio's depression exposed at the beginning of the play seems unresolved at the end, and he goes on his melancholy way, as he supposes he must. Can The Merchant of Venice, then, be considered a true comedy? The strongest argument discounting Merchant as a true comedy is that though Antonio appears to be the major protagonist in the story, he is also as far outside the magic circle as his villain, Shylock. While Bassanio, Portia, and their associated parties marry off at the end of Act V, Antonio is left to his ships and his money, still going about his depressed way. At the beginning of the play, Antonio expresses his dissatisfaction with his situation to his friends. "I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano, a stage where every man must play a part, and mine a sad one" (I.i.81-83). Throughout the play, and Shylock's relentless pursuit of his macabre repayment, Antonio remains in this dreary, defeated state. He seems almost too eager to end his suffering at the hands of his debtors and his apparently lost business. "Grieve not that I am fall'n to this for you," he tells Bassanio in court, "for herein Fortune shows herself more kind than is her custom: it is still her use to let the wretched man outlive his wealth, to view...an age of poverty, from which ling'ring penance of such misery doth she cut me off" (IV.i.278-284). He begs the court to make no more attempts to save his life, comparing such futile endeavors to abate the flood waters or question the wolf's killing of sheep (IV.i.71-84). Completely resigned to his grisly fate, he announces, "I am a tainted wether of the flock, meetest for death. The weakest kind of fruit drops earliest to the ground, and so let me" (IV.i.116-118). Even in Act V, after the dispute with Shylock is decided in Antonio's favor, the melancholy merchant plays no role in the resolution of the play.

Formalistic Approach to Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite)

Formalistic Approach to Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) Formal analysis of poetry helps to unfold the underlying meaning of a poem. This technique does not focus on the author of the poem, or what was happening in history during the time when the poem was written, but instead puts emphasis on the actual mean of the work. Formal analysis breaths life into the literary work and allows the poem to speak for itself. For example, in Thomas Grays' poem "Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes," paying close attention to word choice, structure, and rhyme scheme illuminates the actions of the prowling cat. The most important aspect in writing poetry is word choice. Thomas Gray did an excellent job in using descriptive words, along with using assonance and alliteration, throughout this poem to enhance imagery. For example, in the first stanza Gray describes the cat as being "pensive"(5) as it watches the fish below. This is followed in the second stanza as Gray uses alliteration and assonance to describe t...

Eastern Theater Essay

Noh and Kyogen The earliest existing Kyogen scripts date from the 14th century. Kyogen was used as an intermission between Noh acts — it linked the theme of the Noh play with the modern world by means of farce and slapstick. The Noh was only performed to the high level class. Unlike Noh, the performers of Kyogen do not wear masks, unless their role calls for physical transformation. Both men and women were allowed to perform Kyogen until 1450. Kabuki The best known form of Japanese theatre is Kabuki. It was performed by Okunis. Perhaps its fame comes from the wild costumes and swordfights, which used real swords until the 1680s. Kabuki grew out of opposition to Noh — they wanted to shock the audience with more lively and timely stories. The first performance was in 1603. Like Noh, however, over time Kabuki became not just performing in a new way, but a stylized art to be performed only a certain way. As a matter of interest, the popular Gekidan Shinkansen, a theatrical troupe based in Tokyo today, insists it follows pure kabuki tradition by performing historical roles in a modern, noisy, and outlandish way — to shock the audience as kabuki intended, if you will. Whether or not they are kabuki, however, remains a matter of debate and personal opinion. Kabuki is a type of theatre that combines music, drama, and dance. Bunraku Puppets and Bunraku were used in Japanese theatre as early as the noh plays. Medieval records record the use of puppets actually in Noh plays. Puppets are 3- to 4-foot-tall (0.91 to 1.2 m) dolls that are manipulated by puppeteers in full view of the audience. The puppeteers controlling the legs and hands are dressed entirely in black, while the head puppeteer is wearing colorful clothing. Music and chanting is a popular convention of bunraku, and the shamisen player is usually considered to be the leader of the production. Modern theatre Japanese modern drama in the early 20th century, the 1910s, consisted of Shingeki (experimental Western-style theater), which employed naturalistic acting and contemporary themes in contrast to the stylized conventions of Kabuki and Noh. HÃ… getsu Shimamura and Kaoru Osanai were two figures influential in the development of shingeki. In the postwar period, there was a phenomenal growth in creative new dramatic works, which introduced fresh aesthetic concepts that revolutionized the orthodox modern theater. Challenging the realistic, psychological drama focused on â€Å"tragic historical progress† of the Western-derived shingeki, young playwrights broke with such accepted tenets as conventional stage space, placing their action in tents, streets, and open areas and, at the extreme, in scenes played out all over Tokyo. Plots became increasingly complex, with play-within-a-play sequences, moving rapidly back and forth in time, and intermingling reality with fantasy. Dramatic structure was fragmented, with the focus on the performer, who often used a variety of masks to reflect different personae. Playwrights returned to common stage devices perfected in Noh and Kabuki to project their ideas, such as employing a narrator, who could also use English for international audiences. Major playwrights in the 1980s were Kara Juro, Shimizu Kunio, and Betsuyaku Minoru, all closely connected to specific companies. In contrast, the fiercely independentMurai Shimako won awards throughout the world for her numerous works focusing on the Hiroshima bombing. ELEMENTS The Musician’s Stage (Yuka)This is the auxiliary stage upon which the gidayu-bushi is performed. It thrusts out into the audience area at the front right portion of the seats. Upon this auxiliary stage there is a special revolving platform. It is upon this revolving platform that the chanter and the shamisen player make their appearance, and, when they are finished, it turns once more, bringing them backstage and placing the next performers on the stage. The Partitions (Tesuri) and the Pit (Funazoko)Between extreme upstage and extreme downstage, there are three stage partitions, known as â€Å"railings† (tesuri). The area behind the second partition is called the pit (funazoko;lit., â€Å"ship bottom†), and it is where the manipulators stand. It is one step lower than the main stage. When the puppets move, their feet move along the railings, making it look as though they are actually walking upon the ground. The building (yatai) or painted backdrop (kakiwari) is attached to the partition farthest from the audience (main railing). Training to become a puppeteer begins with the feet, and then the left hand, and finally proceeds to the head and right hand. Such a long period of study was required those in olden times, it was said: â€Å"Ten years for the feet, ten years for the left.† In order to help the left-hand puppeteer maintain a more comfortable position, the head puppeteer wears some special footwear known as â€Å"stage clogs† or â€Å"elevated clogs.† A large doll can be as much as 1 m 50 cm tall, while a smaller one is about 1 m 30 cm, so the height of the elevated clogs to be used can vary from 20 cm to 50 cm, depending upon such conditions as the size of the doll. The heads of the dolls are carved of wood and are hollow, and they are placed atop a special head-grip stick (dogushi), which is placed through a hole in the shoulder board; it is with this stick that the main puppeteer manipulates the doll. There are lengths of fabric draped both in front of and in back of the shoulde r board, and they are attached to bamboo hoops. The puppet’s costumes consist of an under robe (juban), an inner kimono (kitsuke), an outer jacket (haori) or outer robe (uchikake), the collar (eri), and the belt-like sash (obi). In order to give the dolls’ bodies the sensation of softness, the robes are lightly stuffed with cotton. Further, there is a hole in the back of the robes to allow the puppeteer to manipulate the dolls. For each performance, the costume masters choose costumes out of many of the same types of robes of different colors and patterns, deciding which robes to use with which puppet. The complete set of robes that they have chosen is then sent to the puppeteers. The puppeteers then take part in what is called koshirae, or the dressing of the doll. Because they are used on the stage, the robes’ lose their bright colors, they become soiled, and in places they are even worn out. Therefore, they are in constant need of maintenance and repair. Furthermore, preparing new sets of costumes for the characters in a new play is another important task of the costume masters. The Nobori-hige mask is worn by the Ai-kyogen in a Noh drama in which he plays the role of the god of a subsidiary shrine. The smiling expression of its open, toothless mouth gives a better hint of human goodness than of sacredness. The Oto mask is often used to portray ugly women, but it is also used by characters who disguise themselves as the deity Jizo. The Buaku mask is like a Kyogen version of the Noh Beshimi, and although it is a demon mask, its humorous expression is not frightening. TheKentoku mask is used for the spirits of non-human beings, such as horses, cows, dogs, and crabs. TheUsofuki mask looks like it is whistling, and is used for the spirits of mosquitoes and mushrooms. TheKitsune mask is used for the old fox in Fox Trapping, the highest-ranking Kyogen play. In the Edo period, it seems that there were many realistic animal masks use, but today only the fox (Kitsune), monkey (Saru), and badger (Tanuki) remain. The daimyo (feudal lords) that appear in Kyogen usually wear a dan-noshime as an under robe, a suosuit as trousers and vest / jacket, and a special cap (hora-eboshi). Taro Kaja, who might be said to be representative of Kyogen, usually wears a stripednoshime as an under robe, a kataginu as a kind of vest / jacket, and a pair of han-bakama (shorthakama) as trousers. One special characteristic of akataginu is that it is usually decorated with a free design of an animal, plant, or utensil that graphically depicts some theme from the character’s daily life. On the half-hakama as well, pestles, sailboats, and giant radishes are often dyed in circular motifs, and on characters such as travelers, warrior priests, con-men, salesmen, and the spirits of plants or animals,kyakuhan (loose trousers that are tight fitting on the lower leg) are used, in order to indicate that they are very active. Almost all female characters wearnuihaku as under robes, and a special hat calledbinan-boshi. This is actually a 5-meter piece of white linen that is wrapped around the head, in such a way that long sections fall from the head down, like braids; the ends of these sections are tucked into the waist band. Unlike the white tabi (split-toed socks) worn by Noh actors, all Kyogen actors, even those taking the part of the ai-kyogen in a Noh play, wear yellow or brown tabi. The heads (kashira) of the Bunraku puppets are divided into male and female, and then classified into categories according to the age, rank (social class), and distinguishing personality traits of the role they portray, and all of them have special names reflecting their special characteristics. If the play is different but the type of character is the same, the same head might be used for different characters in different plays. Sometimes, in order to match the character more closely, they are even repainted to give the right skin tone, or the wig might be changed, as the heads as used for one role after another. The wigs in Bunraku as called kazura, and there are a number of fundamental styles, depending upon the type of character being portrayed. It is the job of the wig masters (called tokoyama), to sew and create an appropriate hairstyle (keppatsu) for every role, based upon these fundamental styles. Also, the tokoyama does not just style the wigs; he also makes them by attaching hair to copper plates. The type of hair used is mostly human hair, but sometimes, in order to create the illusion of volume, the hair of a yak’s tail is also used. The finished wig is then carefully placed upon, and then securely attached to, the head. When creating a special hairstyle, no oil is used, in order to prevent soiling the face, so the styling must be done only with water and beeswax (bintsuke). The small hand props of Bunraku include things that are carried in the hand or attached to bodies, such as swords or handkerchief-like tenugui, as well as larger items such as chests of drawers or lighting fixtures. There are also a number of disposable items, such as letters that get torn up and thrown away, along with numerous others. All the hand props are small in size, in order to match the size of the puppets. Yet the types of fans used are the same size as those used by humans, which strangely enough does not seem to appear incongruous. The prop masters prepare all of the small props that are needed for each performance. THEMES 1. Classification by work content Jidaimono Jidaimono means the Kabuki works describing the world of samurai and kuge (court nobles) in periods earlier than the Edo period, including works such as â€Å"Kanadehon chushingura† based on incidents that occurred in the Edo period, but were rewritten as if they occurred before the Edo period. This alteration of historical era was made because the Tokugawa Shognate prohibited the dramatization of historical acts that occurred in and after the late Sengoku period (the age of civil wars in old Japan). Kabuki works based on stories from the Heian period or earlier are called Ochomono or Odaimono (tales of royalty/tales of the imperial era) . Sewamono are Kabuki works based on the lives of tradesmen in the Edo period. These were the modern plays of that era. Works focusing on the lives of common people of low social position are called Kizewa. The Kizewa works by Tsuruya Namboku 4th who was active in the Bunka/Bunsei period [1804 – 1830] are famous. Shosagoto means Buyo (Kabuki dance). At first, Shosagoto were considered to be the speciality of Onnagata, but from the latter half of the 18th century, tachiyaku also started to dance. Later, in the Bunka/Bunsei period, works called Hengebuyo (transformation dances) in which a single actor alone portrays multiple different characters became popular. Shosagoto can be classified by subject into groups of works such as Shishimono, Matsubamemono and Dojojimono. Gidayu-kyogen are also called Maruhonmono, meaning works which were initially performed in Ningyo-joruri (puppet play) and later dramatized for Kabuki. The story is advanced by the reciting of Takemoto (narrative recitation and music). Much of the action, production techniques and movements are stylized and are synchronized with the narration and musical accompaniment. References: http://www.arlymasks.com/japanese_history_timeline.htm http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/whats/stage.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/noh/en/kg_mask/kg_mask.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/creaters/operator.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/dolls/kashira.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/creaters/wig.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/creaters/cloth.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/creaters/prop.html http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/kabuki/en/5/5_03.html

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Official Statistics In Sociological Research Essay

functionary statistics ar quantitative info pee-peed by local and national presidential term bodies, and squirt cover a wide celestial orbit of demeanour including births, deaths, marriages and divorce, income, crime, and work and leisure. functionary statistics basin be produced as a by-product of the normal workings of a government department, but they bottom of the inning as well as resolution from research designed specifically to produce them. Two principal(prenominal) reference points of appointed statistics ar the government and its departments, and surveys. For typesetters case, government departments such(prenominal) as the star sign shoes and Education and Skills solicit process and then publish randomness from organisations such as local revenue enhancement offices, affable services and hospitals.An example of a source of surveys that produce positive statistics is The Office for National Statistics, which is a government spot and is responsibl e for compiling and analysing statistics. Every ex years this agency carries expose the census of the Population, which covers every home base in the UK. By law each tribal chief of ho put onhold moldiness complete a questionnaire that includes family composition, hold occupation, transport and leisure. Official statistics ar use by sociologists be face of their legion(predicate) advantages. A main plus is that positive statistics atomic number 18 lots compiled from entropy which has been ga at that placed from a deep sample coat. The majority of sociologists could probably not afford to carry out such vast research.The size of the sample in addition tends to increase the representivity of the statistics. They also tend to be well organised and planned when researched, so the standards of sociological research contribute be met. Official statistics be usually promptly available and relatively inexpensive, so sociologists jakes spend more time and capital analysing entropy than collecting it. Statistics nooky also mosttimes be the only source available for a specific topic, such as unemployment figures. some other advantage is that statistics depart sociologists to make comparisons over time, as they atomic number 18 usually produced regularly, for example the Population Census, which is carried out every ten years. This is similar to longitudinal studies, however the sample size of positive statistical data is usually lots considerabler.Looking at the above advantages, it would be easy to draw a coda that decreed statistics atomic number 18 in detail very useful as a source of data, however there are also important disadvantages to official statistics. Official statistics are not incessantly produced in a useful form, making them harder for a sociologist to analyse and draw any trends and patterns from.Another disadvantage is that statistics do not always measure what they intend to measure. For example the Home Office Crime R ates Statistics do not take into account the feature that not all crime is reported. This stick out decrease the representivity of the data. Another factor which must be considered when interpreting official statistics is that because official statistics are usually produced by the government, they whitethorn be politically biased, for example to face that their policies are having the predicted effect. A well-known example of this is that the method of collecting unemployment statistics has changed many times, which gives the fashion that the unemployment rate it falling. From these disadvantages it would appear that although statistics can be very enlightening and useful, there are several pitfalls, which cannot always be avoided.Positivists go out official statistics as a potentially valuable source of quantitative data however they do recognise that statistics bring forth several faults. They mostly agree that statistics can forget measures of behaviour that can be util ise to investigate possible cause and effect relationships. However Interpretivists, in detail ethnomethodologists and phenomethodologists, reject the use of official statistics for mensuration or determining certain behaviour of which they refer to. Cicourel and Atkinson believe that statistics are the products of meanings, which are assumptions of those who construct them. However, although they think that official statistics are not complaisant facts, but complaisant constructs, this does not mean they are not of sociological interest. Phenomenologists believe that they can be studied in order to queer how they are produced. Cicourel said that this is the only use of official statistics, partly because all statistics inquire classifying things, when such decisions are really subjective.When assessing this view, it ensurems it cannot be applied to all types of official statistics, particularly those concerning data on age and gender. Although there may well be spacious m eans for interpretation when considering whether, for example, a abrupt death is suicide, there is less room for interpretation when deciding whether someone is manful or female. Conflict theories such as marxist and feminist theory, argue that official statistics are neither hard facts or subjective meanings. Instead they believe they harp of information which is systematically distorted by the powerful institutions in society. Although the statistics are not complete distortions, they are manipulated through the definitions and procedures used to collect the data, so that they tend to spare the interests of the rich and powerful.One example of this is the say by Anne and Robin Oakley that official statistics are sexist. They occupy pointed out that in eighty-percent of cases a man is defined as the head of the household, and that women engaged in housework or unpaid domestic labour are defined as economically inactive, disdain the contribution which housework makes to the e conomy.These theories suggest that official statistics arent particularly useful in presenting a valid picture of an sports stadium of society. Compared to other methods of collecting data, official statistics can seem both superior and inferior. As a secondary source of data official statistics come ready coded and presented, which can be hard to do with some data, particularly qualitative. However this reason data may not be categorised in the exact way a sociologist might prefer it, so this is a definite disadvantage. Like questionnaires and brotherly surveys, official statistics produce quantitative data, can principally cover a fairly large sample size, and are pre-coded.Again, like questionnaires and social surveys, the data can be manipulated to assist or reject a theory for example by the way the data is collected and categorised. Official statistics are generally not an in-depth profile of the sample beingness researched, unlike methods such as histrion observation a nd longitudinal studies. However because these studies are more in-depth, they also tend to have a smaller sample size than statistical data. To conclude, it seems that although there are many benefits to using official statistics as a source of data, they must be enured with caution, bearing in mind the social processes involved in their collection. Although some see statistics as social constructions rather than social facts, official statistics do often provide a unique opportunity for sociologists to acquire data the whole population. This would otherwise be far too expensive and time-consuming for a sociologist to collect themselves.

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition for athletes Journal of sports science. 22(1): 39-55. (2004) Journal on Timing of Energy and Fluid Intake. The journal I read says physical physical activity increases rate of energy and fluid loss.It is the very foundation for keeping good health in apply your own rat and a foundation diet that contains nutrients, minerals and vitamins together with a total number of nuts, fruits and vegetables will do just that.Carbohydrates 7 to 8 g/kg body weight per day. Complex carbohydrates rather than sugars are preferred sources. high Protein in adult’s 1-2g/kg body weight per day. Protein in a child is 2g/kg body weight per day.The number is closely connected keyword with blood sugar control.

The more frequent the eating pattern, the lower the body fat and the higher the muscle mass. Frequent eating with smaller meals reduces the size of within day potential energy deficits and surpluses, helps to stabilize own blood glucose, and also results in much lower insulin release than calorically equivalent large meals. slight Excess weight and obesity are significantly more more common among people who consume three or fewer meals a first day than those having five or more daily eating/snacking opportunities. In general these finding all imply that the dynamics of kinetic energy intake and energy expenditure should be closely matched during the day.Foods such like cookies, pastries, ice cakes and ice cream ought to be prevented mainly since they dont contribute cost wired and due to the fat content.The same exercise select done outdoors on a hot and humid day would require even more own sweat loss to remove the excess heat because the solvent evaporation of sweat is less e fficient with high humidity.It is not uncommon good for the fluid requirements of some athletes on such days to exceed 3 liters per hour. A person gets thirsty after about 1.5 l of body water.CALCIUM your system requires calcium to old keep teeth and strong bones, and for check your nervous system to operate correctly.

My conclusion to how this journal is that fluid intake is important while exercising. Your body sweats and fluids what are needed. Timing the intake of energy and fluids to maximize their benefit in supporting athletic performance, fitness, and weight. Exercise uses energy logical and fluids which your body needs.The body requires water to live.Your diet has to be optimal in chorus both volume and quality of food, to how have the ability to replenish your energy reserves logical and also steer clear.Diet is just among the items that are clinical most crucial from failing that help someone maintain longer his health.

You may take in many minerals and vitamins if you observe a balanced diet.Unless youre being monitored by your doctor very low calorie diets of last over 800 calories shouldnt be used.Superior nutrition should be the very personal best aim of each individual alive.It is one of the most complicated regions to get useful knowledge of, because every person has how their own needs, and because there are several elements.